PERIOPERATIVE ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

Course overview

PERIOPERATIVE ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI) IS A MULTIFACTORIAL COMPLICATION THAT IS SEEN IN THE CONTEXT OF SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS. AKI IS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANT MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND PROLONGED HOSPITAL STAYS, AND THEREFORE, CAUSES A SUBSTANTIAL BURDEN TO THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM. PERIOPERATIVE AKI IS CHARACTERIZED BY A SUDDEN AND SIGNIFICANT DECLINE IN RENAL FUNCTION OCCURRING WITHIN THE PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD. THE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR PERIOPERATIVE AKI ARE MULTIFACETED, ENCOMPASSING PREVENTIVE MEASURES, INTRAOPERATIVE PROTOCOLS, AND POSTOPERATIVE CARE. THIS REVIEW EXAMINES THE EPIDEMIOLOGY, ETIOLOGY, AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PERIOPERATIVE AKI, FOCUSING ON THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN RISK FACTORS SUCH AS AGE, PREEXISTING RENAL DYSFUNCTION, COMORBIDITIES, AND TYPE OF SURGICAL PROCEDURE. THE INTRICATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEMODYNAMIC ALTERATIONS, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES, AND NEPHROTOXIC INSULTS, WHICH COLLECTIVELY CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AKI DURING THE PERIOPERATIVE PHASE, ARE DISCUSSED. FURTHERMORE, THE INTERPROFESSIONAL TEAM'S ROLE IN CARING FOR PATIENTS WITH THIS CONDITION IS HIGHLIGHTED.