ACLS Review

Course overview

Objectives Describe the pathophysiology and anatomy and physiology of cardiac arrest Explain the components of the updated ACLS algorithms Describe the treatment options for ACLS based on the 2020 guidelines Content Anatomy and Physiology Review 1 Respiratory System 1 Passageway for fresh oxygen to enter the lungs and blood supply 2 Respiratory waste products to leave the blood and lungs 2 Cardiovascular System 1 Heart 1 Four chambers 2 Pumps blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen 3 Pumps blood around the body 1 to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the tissues 2 to remove waste products from the tissues 2 Vascular System 1 Arteries carry blood to tissues 1 carotid pulse 2 femoral pulse 3 radial pulse 4 brachial pulse 2 Veins carry blood to heart 3 Respiratory Failure 1 Pathophysiology 1 Constrictive 2 Obstructive 3 Destructive 2 Assessment 1 Pulmonary symptoms 2 Cardiovascular symptoms 3 Neurological symptoms 4 Other symptoms 3 Treatment 1 Oxygen therapy 2 Ventilatory support 1 Carbon dioxide clearance 2 Pharmacological therapy 4 Respiratory Arrest 1 Assessment 2 Treatment 1 Oxygen therapy 2 Ventilatory support 1 Carbon dioxide clearance 2 Advanced airways 5 Cardiac Arrest 1 Pathophysiology 1 If the heart stops contracting no blood will flow 2 The body cannot survive when the heart stops 1 Organ damage begins quickly after the heart stops 2 Brain damage begins 4 to 6 minutes after cardiac arrest and becomes irreversible in 8 to 10 minutes 2 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR 1 Artificial ventilation oxygenates the blood 2 External chest compressions simulate heart contraction 3 Oxygenated blood is circulated to the brain and vital organs General Reasons for the Heart to Stop Beating 1 Sudden death and heart disease 2 Breathing stops especially in infants and children 3 Medical emergencies 4 Trauma 6 Resuscitation 1 System Components to Maximize Survival 1 Early access 1 Public education and awareness 2 Rapid recognition of cardiac emergency 3 Rapid notification before CPR starts phone first 4 Dispatcher directed CPR 2 Early CPR 1 Lay public family and bystanders 2 Emergency Medical Responders 3 Early Defibrillation 4 Early Advanced Care 7 Basic Cardiac Life Support Refer to current American Heart Association Guidelines 1 Adult CPR and foreign body airway obstruction 2 Child CPR and foreign body airway obstruction 3 Infant CPR and foreign body airway obstruction 8 Airway Control and Ventilation 1 Basic airway adjuncts 2 Ventilation 1 Excessive ventilation reduces venous return 2 Reduces blood flow generated by CPR 9 Chest Compressions 1 Factors that decrease effectiveness 1 Too shallow 2 Slow rate 3 Incomplete recoil 4 Frequent interruptions 2 Devices to assist circulation 1 Impedance Threshold Device 2 Mechanical piston device 3 Load distributing band or vest CPR 10 Automated External Defibrillation AED Refer to current guidelines 1 Adult AED use 2 Child AED use 3 Infant AED use 4 Special AED situations 1 Pacemaker 2 Wet patients 3 Transdermal medication patches 11 Shock Poor Perfusion 1 Definition 1 Perfusion is delivery of blood oxygen and nutrients to cells 2 Circulation removes waste products 3 Shock is inadequate perfusion 4 Hypoperfusion can lead to death 2 Anatomy and Physiology Review 1 Heart and blood vessels 2 Physiology of respiration 1 Gas exchange at alveolar and tissue levels 3 Circulation 1 Pulmonary 2 Systemic 3 Essential Components for Normal Perfusion 1 Functioning pump 1 Delivers blood to tissues 2 Collects blood from body 3 Controlled by autonomic nervous system 2 Adequate volume 1 Red blood cells transport oxygen 2 White blood cells fight infection 3 Platelets form clots 4 Plasma transports formed elements 3 Intact container vessels 1 Arteries constrict and dilate 2 Capillary beds site of perfusion 3 Veins return blood to heart 4 Autonomic control of vessel tone 5 Blood flow meets tissue demand 4 Disruptions Causing Shock 1 Inadequate fluid or blood loss 2 Failing pump 1 Conduction disease