Venous Thromboembolism and Its Risk Factors

Subject areas

This course counts toward the state boards and subject areas below.

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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition in which a blood clot forms within the venous system, most commonly presenting as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT occurs when a clot develops in the deep veins—usually in the legs or pelvis—while PE results when part of that clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking blood flow. Together, these conditions represent a major cause of preventable illness and death worldwide.

The development of VTE is strongly influenced by Virchow’s Triad, which includes venous stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability. These mechanisms explain why certain individuals or situations increase the likelihood of clot formation.

Risk factors for VTE include prolonged immobility, major surgery, trauma, pregnancy, hormonal therapy, cancer, genetic clotting disorders, obesity, advanced age, and a history of previous VTE. Many of these factors either slow blood flow, damage the vessel wall, or increase the blood’s tendency to clot.

Understanding these risk factors is essential for early recognition, prevention, and timely treatment, helping reduce the significant morbidity and mortality associated with VTE.