Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Euglycemic DKA (eDKA), and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome (HHS) in Companion Animals

Course overview

This lecture reviews the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of diabetic emergencies in veterinary patients, including DKA, euglycemic DKA (eDKA), and HHS. Key topics include recognition of clinical signs, diagnostic criteria, and differentiation between these conditions. Emphasis is placed on the "four pillars" of treatment: fluid therapy, insulin administration, correction of electrolyte and acid-base disturbances, and management of underlying causes. Special attention is given to emerging conditions such as eDKA associated with SGLT2 inhibitors, as well as practical clinical decision-making and monitoring strategies in critically ill diabetic patients.