DOWN SYNDROME

Course overview

DS is a genetic disorder associated with altered physical and mental development and health problems affecting multiple organ systems. In most cases it is caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. Persons with DS may present with mild to severe mental retardation and musculoskeletal abnormalities that may include hypotonia, joint laxity, short stature, and hip dysplasia. Cardiovascular anomalies are common; most are repaired surgically in infancy. Children with DS have delayed acquisition of motor skills and alterations in motor control. Gait is characterized by deviations that may include increased double support time, wider step widths, and shorter step lengths. Persons with DS tend to have increased variability in their movement patterns. This may be due to multiple factors, including impaired motor control, muscle weakness, obesity, hypotonia, and lack of physical activity. Persons with DS have an earlier onset of age-related health problems, and many develop clinical Alzheimer¿s disease after the age of 35. Physical therapy intervention may be indicated for facilitation of motor skills, strengthening, and functional training.